Political parties and candidates may only publish Online Election Advertising (OEA) in the manner set out in section 61F of the Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 (PEA) and the Parliamentary Elections (Election Advertising) Regulations 2024.

For the avoidance of doubt, political parties and candidates are not permitted to publish any of the following on the Internet:

1. any election survey results within the meaning of section 78C of the PEA;
2. any exit poll results within the meaning of section 78D of the PEA;
3. any digitally generated or manipulated OEA that contains a realistic but false audio, visual or audiovisual representation of a candidate’s speech or actions, within the meaning of section 61MA of the PEA;
4. any appeal to the public or a section of the public to make any donation the acceptance of which is unlawful under the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act 2021; and
5. any party political film within the meaning of the Films Act 1981, or any film where its publication on the Internet constitutes distribution or exhibition of the film contrary to the provisions of that Act.

If any non-permitted OEA is published during the election period, the Returning Officer may require that the non-permitted OEA be taken down from the Internet. It is an offence to publish non-permitted OEA and to fail to comply with the Returning Officer’s directions.

Online Election Advertising (OEA), whether paid or unpaid, may only be published by or on behalf of a political party or candidate during the campaign period, if a declaration by the political party, candidate or his election agent is submitted to the Returning Officer. Political parties, candidates or their election agents are required to declare to the Returning Officer the particulars of every OEA platform, online account and communication service (e.g. website, blog, social media service, emails, MMS, SMS, private messaging service) on which the OEA is or will be published by or on behalf of the political party or candidate during the campaign period. Amplifying access to the OEA, such as boosting, reposting, sharing or resharing existing OEA is subject to the same requirements as publishing fresh OEA, and must also be declared to the Returning Officer.

Political parties, candidates or their election agents must submit their OEA declarations online via Candidate Services. Any candidate who is returned unopposed and declared elected need not submit any such declaration.

If OEA is published within 12 hours after the start of the campaign period, the necessary declarations must be submitted to the Returning Officer no later than 12 hours after the start of the campaign period. Thereafter, the necessary declarations must be submitted to the Returning Officer before the OEA is published during the campaign period by or on behalf of a political party or candidate. Each declaration must set out sufficient particulars to allow the Returning Officer to access the online platform or online service used to publish the OEA. All OEA declarations will be put up on the Elections Department website for public viewing.

For each instance of paid OEA (i.e. OEA that is paid for in money or money’s worth) that is published or to be published on an online location using an electronic service, the declaration must also state additional information, including:

1. the identity particulars of the publisher(s) of the paid OEA;
2. the date on which the paid OEA was or will be first published and the period of publication or intended publication; and
3. that the publisher(s) received or is to receive, directly or indirectly, payment in money or money’s worth for the publication of the paid OEA from the political party, candidate, the candidate’s election agent, or any other person.

In the event of undeclared or improperly declared OEA, the Returning Officer may specify the actions required of the political party or candidate or his election agent to rectify this. Failure to comply with the Returning Officer’s directions is an offence.

A candidate or his election agent can authorise a third party to publish paid OEA on the candidate’s behalf by issuing the Authorisation by Candidate form or Authorisation by Election Agent of Candidate form, with the first box in the relevant form ticked, to him. Each form must be signed by the candidate or his election agent, before the third party is allowed to publish paid OEA on the candidate’s behalf.

The form will be provided to candidates/groups of candidates at the end of nomination proceedings on Nomination Day if the election for the electoral division is contested. Candidates and their election agents can also download the forms via Candidate Services.

To comply with the published-by requirements, all Online Election Advertising (OEA) published during the election period must display clearly the identity particulars, i.e. the full name(s), of:

1. every person who authorised the publishing of the OEA;
2. every person for whom or at whose direction the OEA is published; and
3. every person who approved the content of the OEA.

Note: In cases where the person(s) who approved the content of the OEA or directed the publication of the OEA are the same as the person(s) who authorised the publication of the OEA, then b. and c. need not be stated on or in the OEA.

The identity particulars must be displayed:

1. on or in the OEA itself; or
2. if it is not reasonably practicable to do so, in an online location (e.g. a website) that is directly accessible from the OEA.

Note: If a person’s social media handle is his full name, a post on social media that is accompanied with the handle would be considered as having the identity particulars of the person displayed on the post.

For paid OEA, i.e. where all or part of the production or publication of the OEA is paid for in money or money’s worth, the OEA should additionally display:

1. that it was paid for, using words like “sponsored by” or “paid for by”; and
2. the identity particulars of every person who paid for it.

Amplifying access to existing Online Election Advertising (OEA) (such as boosting, reposting, sharing or resharing the existing OEA) is subject to the same requirements as publishing fresh OEA.

Such sharing/reposting of OEA is not allowed during the cooling-off period because such actions could make the OEA appear fresh to voters, even if the underlying OEA was published before the cooling-off period. The prohibition of OEA during the cooling-off period is not a new requirement, and is in place to allow voters the time and space to reflect on their decision before casting their votes.

Any political party or candidate who maintains a chatroom or discussion forum must ensure that there is a moderator for the chatroom or discussion forum.

1. The moderator must keep a full record of all content (including text, visual images and audio) published in the chatroom or discussion forum during the campaign period if the content relates to Online Election Advertising (OEA); and
2. All content published in the chatroom or discussion forum during the campaign period must be capable of being removed by the moderator, if the content relates to OEA.

Chatrooms and discussion forums that are maintained on the political party’s or candidate’s behalf should not contain anything that is against the law, public interest, public order or racial harmony, that offends good taste or decency, or that engages in negative campaigning practices such as denigrating or making false statements about opposing candidates. Political parties and candidates shall exercise due diligence to ensure that these chatrooms and discussion forums do not contain such content, or content that is prohibited under any other written law.

For further details on the regulations concerning OEA published in chatrooms and discussion forums, refer to regulation 17 of the Parliamentary Elections (Election Advertising) Regulations 2024.

From the issuance of the Writ of Election to the close of polling on Polling Day, it is a criminal offence to publish any Online Election Advertising (OEA) that contains digitally generated or manipulated content with a realistic but false audio, visual or audiovisual representation of a candidate’s speech or actions (“offending content”).

This prohibition applies to acts that amplify access to existing offending content, such as the boosting, sharing or reposting of such content.

From the issuance of the Writ of Election to the end of nomination proceedings on Nomination Day, the prohibition applies to offending content depicting individuals who have identified themselves as prospective candidates. This refers to individuals who have:

1. paid the election deposit; and
2. consented for their names to be made public by the Elections Department (ELD) via Candidate Services.

The list of prospective candidates (if any) will be published daily for public viewing on ELD website up to Nomination Day.

After nomination proceedings are completed, and up to the close of polling on Polling Day, the prohibition applies to offending content depicting successfully nominated candidates.

Candidates who have been misrepresented by offending content may report it to the Returning Officer. The report should be accompanied with a declaration by the depicted candidate that the offending content falsely depicts his speech or actions. It is an offence for a candidate to make a false or misleading declaration to the Returning Officer.

The reporting and declaration forms will be made available to candidates via Candidate Services during the election period.

For further details on the law governing OEA that contains digitally generated or manipulated content, refer to section 61MA of the Parliamentary Elections Act 1954.